E 61 
■ H6 

Copy 1 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




0 029 813 342 8 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 



CIRCULAR 

RELATING TO 

HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS 
OF THE SOUTHWEST ' 

AND 

THEIR PRESERVATION. 



U* 4 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1904. 



E 61 
.H6 

Copy 1 



DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 

GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 



CIRCULAR 

RELATING TO 

HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS 
OF THE SOUTHWEST 

AND 

THEIR PRESERVATION. 




"WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 

1904. 



01 



30SEM905 
0» at Dt 




HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST AND 
THEIR PRESERVATION. 



By EDGAR L. HEWETT. 



Department of the Interior, 

General Land Office, 
Washington, D. C. , October i, 1904- 
Sir: I transmit herewith a report prepared at the request of this 
office by Prof. Edgar L. Hewett, formerly president of the New Mex- 
ico Normal University at Las Vegas; N. Mex., in regard to the his- 
toric and prehistoric ruins of the Southwest, and their preservation. 

I also transmit herewith a map showing the location of different 
ruins, and photographs illustrating the same, and have to request that 
said report, map, and photographs be printed, as they contain much 
valuable information in regard to prehistoric ruins. 
Very respectfully, 

W. A. Richards, 

Commissioner. 

The Secretary of the Interior. 



Washington, D. C, September 3, 1904- 
Dear Sir: I beg leave to hand you herewith a memorandum rela- 
tive to the historic and prehistoric ruins of Arizona, New Mexico, 
Colorado and Utah. * * * 

I believe that in what is said relative to the necessity for speedy 
action looking toward the preservation of these ruins I reflect the 
sentiment of all who have seriously thought of this subject. I can 
testify to the general appreciation of the excellent work of your Office 
in this matter in recent j^ears. 

I beg leave to remain, with sincere respect, very truly yours, 

Edgar L. Hewett, 
123 Maryland avenue NE. 

The Commissioner of the General Land Office, 

Washington, D. C. 



MEMORANDUM CONCERNING THE HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF ARIZONA, NEW 
MEXICO, COLORADO AND UTAH, AND THEIR PRESERVATION. 

The importance of the large number of historic and prehistoric 
ruins scattered over the semiarid region of the southwestern part of 
the United States has gradually come to be recognized. Every cliff 
dwelling, every prehistoric tower, communal house, shrine and burial 
mound is an object which can contribute something to the advancement 
of knowledge, and hence is worthy of preservation. Knowledge of 
the extent, location and nature of these ruins has been accumulating 

3 



4 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



for many years. We now know them to be very numerous and of 
great value. 

The question of the preservation of this vast treasury of informa- 
tion relative to our prehistoric tribes has come to be a matter of much 
concern to the American people. Fortunately there seems to be no 
barrier to the speedy accomplishment of this. By the prompt exercise 
of the authority lodged in various branches of the Interior Department, 
the preservation of the ruins is assured. 1 shall endeavor to show 
that there is urgent need for the immediate exercise of this authority. 
This done, the work of legislation to the end that these regions may 
be made a perpetual source of education and enjoyment for the 
American people as well as for travelers from foreign lands may pro- 
ceed with the careful deliberation which the subject demands. 

Unquestionably some of these regions are sufficiently rich in historic 
and scientific interest and scenic beauty to warrant their organization 
into permanent national parks. Many others should be temporarily 
withdrawn and allowed to revert to the public domain after the ruins 
thereon have been examined by competent authority, the collections 
therefrom properly cared for, and all data that can be secured made a 
matter of permanent record. General legislation providing for the 
creation and administration of such parks and providing for the exca- 
vation of ruins in the interests of science only is urgently needed. It 
is well known that during recent years an extensive traffic has arisen 
in relics from these ruins. In securing these, buildings, mounds, etc., 
have been destroyed. These relics are priceless when secured by 
proper scientific methods and of comparatively little value when scat- 
tered about either in museums or private collections without accom- 
panying records. No scientific man is true to the highest ideals of 
science who does not protest against this destructive work, and it will 
be a lasting reproach upon our Government if it does not use its power 
to restrain it. 

With a view to furnishing concise information upon which preserv- 
ative measures may be based I have compiled the accompanying map, 
showing by geographical districts the location of the most important 
ruins in the pueblo region. M/v sources of information have been 
both official and unofficial, and the work is based upon the highest 
authority obtainable. However, the map is not intended to be mathe- 
matically correct. It will show, approximately, the location of impor- 
tant ruins. Some may have entirely disappeared since the maps were 
made from which this compilation is made, and more recent surveys 
might require important modifications. It may serve as a beginning 
for something more exact and more complete. I have prepared to 
accompany this a memorandum concerning the ruins located on each 
district, and have taken the liberty to point out how adequate protec- 
tion may be afforded such as are on the public domain. 

Reference to the accompanying map will show at a glance that the 
distribution of the prehistoric tribes of the Southwest was determined 
by the drainage system. The great basins of the Rio Grande, the San 
Juan, the Little Colorado and the Gila constitute the four great seats 
of prehistoric culture of the so-called pueblo region. The remains of 
this ancient culture are scattered extensively over these four areas, and 
it is not to be hoped nor would it be a service to science to attempt to 
preserve all these remains. They are of the three great types, pueblo 
ruins, cliff houses, and cavate dwellings, with their accompanying 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 5 



burial mounds, kivas, shrines, etc., and are practically innumerable. 
All measures for their preservation should look toward the encourage- 
ment of research and the advancement of knowledge, and not toward 
its restriction. I am of the opinion that if the principal groups or 
districts of ruins of each great culture area can be protected by the 
Department of the Interior, and no excavation permitted thereon 
except b}^ responsible parties bearing proper permission from the 
Department, the highest interests of the people will be upheld. 

1 have shown on the accompanying map that the majority of the 
ruins of the four great basins are embraced in 20 districts. The circles 
on the map are not intended to tix absolutely the boundaries of these 
districts. The}' are merely intended to show approximately how the 
ruins ma} 7 be grouped for convenience in protection. 

The districts are grouped as follows: 

I. The Rio Grande Basin: 

1. The Pajarito Park district. 

2. The Pecos Pueblo district. 

3. The Gran Quivira district. 

4. The Jemez district. 

5. The Acoma district. 
II. The San Juan Basin : 

1. The Aztec district. 

2. The Mesa Verde district. 

3. The Chaco Canon district. 

4. The Canon de Chelly district. 

5. The Bluff district, 

III. The Little Colorado Basin: 

1. The Tusavan district. 

2. The Flagstaff district. 

3. The Holbrook district. 

4. The Zuhi district. 

IV. The Gila Basin: 

1. The Rio Verde district. 

2. The San Carlos district, 

3. The Lower Gila district. 

4. The Middle Gila district. 

5. The Upper Gila district. 

6. The San Francisco River district. 

A few illustrations are inserted to show more in detail the character 
of some important ruins. 

Following is a brief memorandum showing the nature, extent and 
condition of the ruins on each district: 

I. RIO GRANDE BASIN. 

This culture area, lying wholly in New Mexico, embraces the Rio 
Grande Valley with its tributaries from Ojo Caliente on the north to 
Socorro on the south and from Acoma on the west to the plains east 
of the Manzano Mountains. 

1. PAJARITO PARK DISTRICT. 

This district lies between the Rio Grande on the east and the Jemez 
Mountains on the west, and extends from Ojo Caliente on the north to 
Cochiti on the south. In the northern part are the ruins of Homayo, 
Houiri (Ho-we-re), and Pose on Ojo Caliente Creek. Ten miles west, 
below El Rito, is the large ruin of Sepawi (Se-paw-we). Near the vil- 
lage of Abiquiu, on the Rio Chama, is the important ruin of Tsiwari 
(Tsi-wa-re). These are all pueblo ruins, and not well preserved. . 

The central portion of the district is the Pajarito Park proper, the 
region that has for some years been under withdrawal by the General 



6 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



Land Office and favorably reported on for a national park, for which 
it has many advantages, being- of great scenic beauty, accessible, and 
one of the richest in the Southwest in well-preserved prehistoric 
remains. It contains innumerable cavate houses, a vast number of 
small pueblo ruins, and the ruins of the great communal dwellings of 
Puye, Otowi, Tsankawi (Tsan-ke-we), Navakwi (Nav-a-kwe), and Paja- 
rito or Tchrega. Vandalism has greatly diminished among these ruins 
since the park has been under withdrawal. 

In the southern part of this district, between the Rito de los Fri- 
joles and Cochiti, are the ruins of six pueblos, and a considerable 
number of cavate houses, the interesting Cueva Pintada (painted cave), 
and the famous shrines known as the 4 4 Stone Lions of Potrero de las 
Vacas and Potrero de los Idolos." 

2. PECOS DISTRICT. 

The principal ruins of this district are those of the old pueblo of 
Pecos on the abandoned Pecos Pueblo grant. These are very impor- 
tant ruins, consisting of the two large communal houses and the remains 
of the old mission church, the first mission founded on the soil of the 
United States. These are the only ones of the numerous ruins in the 
upper Pecos valley that can be preserved. All others are well-nigh 
obliterated. 

3. GRAN QUIVIRA DISTRICT. 

These interesting ruins lie on the plains east of the Manzano Moun- 
tains. The principal ones are those of Tabira (Gran Quivira), Abo, 
and Quarai. All are pueblo ruins of the historic epoch, and at each 
place are the ruins of interesting mission churches. The ruins of this 
district should be officially investigated. 

4. JEMEZ DISTRICT. 

The ruins of 17 ancient pueblos are recorded as being located in the 
Jemez Valley, north of Jemez pueblo. Most of them have not been 
accurately located. Such of them as are still preserved and on public 
lands are within the limits of the proposed Jemez Forest Reserve, now 
temporarily withdrawn. The most important ruins in the district are 
those of the old pueblo of Giusewa. They lie 12 miles north of J emez 
pueblo, and include the ruins of the stately old mission church of San 
Diego de J emez, built early in the seventeenth century. An investi- 
gation of this district is needed. 

5. ACOMA DISTRICT. 

A large number of valuable pueblo ruins are scattered over this dis- 
trict to the south and southwest of the pueblo of Acoma and southeast 
to the neighborhood of Magdalena. Many others of importance are to 
the north and west, especially in the Cebollita Valley, south of Grants. 
It is a region of great interest, the pueblo of Acoma itself being one 
of the most interesting objects in the Southwest, as it has the distinc- 
tion of being the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in the United 
States, with the possible exception of Oraibi. Near by it is the famous 
Mesa Encantada. Unfortunately there has been but little investiga- 
tion of this district, so that we have no important accounts of its ruins. 
It is a district that is greatly in need of official examination. 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 7 
D. SAN JUAN BASIN. 

The ruins of the San Juan Basin consist of both large and small 
communal houses and true cliff dwellings in great numbers. They 
are scattered in numerous, irregular groups over the contiguous por- 
tions of New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. All the ruins of 
the San Juan and its tributaries have suffered much from destructive 
collectors. 

1. AZTEC DISTRICT. 

The most important ruins on this district are the group of large 
communal dwellings near Aztec, N. Mex. They are on private lands 
and well cared for, their owner apparently appreciating their value. 
Numerous other pueblo ruins exist in the district, but it is doubtful if 
any are so situated as to permit of their protection by the Government. 

2. MESA VERDE DISTRICT. 

In this district are the finest specimens of true cliff dwellings. They 
are very numerous in the canons of Mesa Verde and along the Mancos 
River. Cliff Palace is justly one of the most famous works of prehis- 
toric man in existence. Numerous pueblo and cliff ruins are distrib- 
uted along the McElmo, the Yellowjacket and the Hovenweep. On 
the whole, this is one of the most interesting of all prehistoric districts. 
A portion of it is under withdrawal by the General Land Office, pend- 
ing the creation of the Colorado Cliff Dwellings National Park. The 
intelligent interest of the people of Colorado has done much toward 
the preservation of these ruins. However, the entire district has suf- 
fered much from vandalism, a majority of the burial mounds having 
been destroyed. A national park in this region would be of great 
educational value. 

3. CHACO CANON DISTRICT. 

This district embraces the great ruins of Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo Alto, 
Chettro Kettle, Hungo Pavie, Kin Kale, Una Vida, Wejigi, Kinbineola, 
Tuba Kin, Penasco Blanco, Kin Kle Zin, Tala Kin, Kin Ya Ah, Kin 
Ah Zin, Sin Kle Zin, Kin Kle Tsoi, Casa Chiquito, Casa Rinconado, and 
Casa Morena. 

Nowhere else is there such a splendid group of prehistoric buildings 
in a fair state of preservation. They have been made the subject of 
special investigation by the Hyde exploring expedition of New York, 
under Dr. George H. Pepper. A splendid collection from this district 
is installed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York 
City. In due time we shall doubtless have a full report of this excel- 
lent piece of work. This district has also been made the subject of a 
special investigation by Mr. S. J. Holsinger, whose comprehensive 
manuscript report, with accompanying photographs, in the office of 
the Commissioner of the General Land Office, affords much valuable 
information. 

4. CANON DE CHELLY DISTRICT. 

The ruins of this district are mostly in Canon de Chelly and its trib- 
utary Canon del Muerto, although many others are scattered along 
the lower Chinlee valW. They are, for the most part, pueblo and 
cave ruins. They have been specially studied and reported on by Mr. 
Cosmos Mindeleff. A large collection of pottery from here has 



8 HISTOEIC AND PEEHISTOEIC EUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 

recently been acquired by the Brooklyn Institute of Science and Art. 
The preservation of these ruins has been made a matter of special care 
by the Secretary of the Interior. 

5. BLUFF DISTRICT. 

Comparatively little is known of the numerous ruins in southeastern 
Utah. They have been explored and the district mapped by Dr ? T. 
Mitchell Prudden, of New York City, but as yet no close investiga- 
tions have been undertaken. Ruins are very numerous along Monte- 
zuma Creek, Recapture Creek, Cottonwood Creek, Butler Wash, Comb 
Wash and Grand Gulch. The caves of the Cottonwood and its trib- 
utaries have been investigated by the Hyde exploring expedition, and 
the collections therefrom placed in the American Museum of Natural 
History. These are important relics of ancient " basket makers." 

HI. LITTLE COLORADO BASIN. 

This extensive region embraced in the valley of the Little Colorado 
and its tributaries is preeminently a region of pueblo ruins, though 
some cave dwellings are found. It is especially rich in prehistoric 
pottery. Because of its wealth of relics this region has suffered more 
than any other from the traffic in prehistoric wares. However, we 
are fortunate in that Dr. J. Walter Fewkes of the Bureau of American 
Ethnology has made the districts of the Little Colorado a subject of 
research for many years. His voluminous reports on this region have 
put us in possession of a vast amount of information on the archae- 
ology and ethnology of the Southwest. His collections from Sik} T atki 
for the National Museum, made in 1895, with the assistance of Mr. 
F. W. Hodge of the Smithsonian Institution, together with the col- 
lections made from the Holbrook district by Doctors Fewkes and 
Hough, form, probably, the most valuable collection of prehistoric 
pottery in existence. Another extensive collection of pottery from 
this region may be seen in the Field Columbian Museum in Chicago. 

1. T US AY AN DISTRICT. 

The Hopi Plateau is a region of pueblo ruins. The buildings are 
not well preserved, and there are probably no ruins in the district that 
demand permanent preservation. It is, however, exceedingly impor- 
tant that they should be protected from further unauthorized excava- 
tion. There are many ruins on the northern part of this reservation 
that have not been explored. 

2. FLAGSTAFF DISTRICT. 

The important group of ruins in Walnut Canon are good types of 
cliff dwellings. These have received special attention from the Secre- 
tary of the Interior. The group of pueblo ruins which lie from 5 to 
15 miles northwest of Black Falls have been examined and reported on 
by Doctor Fewkes. He pronounces them among the most important 
in the Southwest. They are entirely without protection. 

3. HOLBROOK DISTRICT. 

This is a region of numerous pueblo ruins, some of which have been 
examined and reported on b}^ Doctors Fewkes and Hough. The 
Museum-Gates expedition of 1901, Doctor HoLigh's report of which 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 9 



we now have, has advanced our knowledge of portions of this region 
very much. Doctor Hough has published particularly interesting 
information concerning the ruins in the petrified forest. The traffic 
in prehistoric wares from the Hoi brook district has been deplorably 
active. Many thousands of pieces of excavated pottery have been 
shipped from Holbrook alone, and collections embracing several 
thousands of pieces are now in the hands of dealers at various towns 
in the district, and are offered for sale. These collections have been 
made, for the most part, by Indians and native Mexicans in the employ 
of traders, and are devoid of authentic records. The district is not 
rich in ruins that demand permanent protection, but it is in great need 
of temporary protection pending further serious investigation by 
competent parties. 

4. ZUNI DISTRICT. 

This region is rich in both historic and prehistoric ruins. On Zuni 
Reservation are the ruins of the historic Seven Cities of Cibola. El 
Morro, or Inscription Rock, is an interesting historic monument east of 
Zuni, which is under temporary withdrawal by the General Land Office. 
2Che region south of Zuni to Quemado is known to be full of ruins, and 
traders are securing large collections of pottery therefrom at the pres- 
ent time. The ruins of Zuni have been thoroughly made known to us 
through the work of the Hemenway expedition, under the direction of 
the late Frank Hamilton Cushing, assisted by Mr. F. W. Hodge. The 
collections of this expedition are now in the Feabody Museum at Har- 
vard University. Other important researches have been made in the 
Zuni district by Doctor Fewkes. 

IV. GILA BASIN. 

This is another region that embraces practically every species, of 
prehistoric ruins. It is of vast extent and comprises, besides the valley 
of the Gila proper, the large valleys of the Salt and Verde rivers. As 
a seat of prehistoric culture it was one of the most extensive and 
populous. Many ruins of these three great valleys are on irrigible 
lands, and, accordingly, have disappeared with the advancement of 
agriculture. 

1. RIO VERDE DISTRICT. 

On the northern tributaries of the Rio Verde are many cliff ruins. 
Of these, Honanki and Falatki are the most important. They are 
within the limits of the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve. 
There are numerous cliff ruins along Oak Creek and Beaver Creek 
and their tributaries. Near Camp Verde is the ruin known as " Mon- 
tezuma Castle," and a little farther up Beaver Creek, on the Black 
Mesa Forest Reserve, is the interesting Montezuma well. Mr. Min- 
deleff and Doctor Fewkes have made important studies and reports on 
the ruins of this district. 

2. SAN CARLOS DISTRICT. 

Of the ruins on this district we have very little information beyond 
that obtained by Mr. A. F. Bandelier, to whose indefatigable explo- 
ration we owe so much of our knowledge of the Southwest. Both 
pueblo and cliff ruins are known to exist in various parts of the dis- 
trict, almost all of which are situated within the limits of the San 

14670—05 2 



10 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



Carlos Apache Reservation. Ruins are reported from near San Car- 
los, from various points along the upper Salt River, on White Moun- 
tain Creek, the Carrizzo, the Cibicu, and the Pinal. 

3. LOWER GILA DISTRICT. 

Many ruins of this district have disappeared during recent years 
because situated upon agricultural land. Our archaeological knowl- 
edge of the district is due, for the most part, to the Hemenwa} r expe- 
dition under the late Mr. Cushing, to Mr. Mindeleff, and Doctor 
Fewkes. The famous Casa Grande ruin has, for several years, been 
under the care of the Government. The best collection from the dis- 
trict is that obtained by the Hemenway expedition. It is in the Pea- 
body Museum at Harvard University. 

4. MIDDLE GILA DISTRICT. 

The ruins of this part of the Gila Valley are mostly on agricultural 
lands, though many cliif ruins are known to exist in outlying districts. 
Pueblo ruins are very plentiful about Solomonville, but are not well 
preserved. The largest is that of Pueblo Viejo. Ruins are also# 
numerous about Clifton and along the Blue River. We have some 
reports on ruins of this district by Mr. Bandelier and Doctor Fewkes. 
There is need for further investigation and report as to the present 
condition of these ruins. 

5. UPPER GILA DISTRICT. 

It is known that there are many ruins on the upper Gila and its 
tributaries near Fort Bayard, the Mimbres, and near Silver Cit}\ They 
are almost entirely within the Gila Forest Reserve. These ruins 
should be officially investigated and reported on, as we have very meager 
information concerning them. 

6. SAN FRANCISCO RIVER DISTRICT. 

The upper San Francisco Valley and its tributaries, especially the 
Tularosa, is full of cliff' and pueblo ruins. It is almost entirely within 
the Gila Forest Reserve. Much of it is almost unknown county. It 
is in great need of further exploration. While we know of its almost 
innumerable ruins, we have no reports on them. The most important 
archaeological work done here was that of Doctor Hough, of the National 
Museum, who made an expedition into this district during the past 
summer. Doctor Hough's report will doubtless give us much inter- 
esting information concerning the archaeology of this little known 
district. 

LITERATURE. 

W 7 ith the generous assistance of Dr. Walter Hough I have prepared 
a brief bibliography relative to the ruins in these various districts, 
which is hereto appended. No attempt has been made to make this 
complete. Many valuable works are omitted. The purpose of it is to 
direct anyone seeking information on this subject to some literature 
thereon. Reference to this bibliography will enable anyone to secure 
considerable information concerning ruins or groups of ruins that have 
been examined and reported on. 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 11 



RECOMMENDATIONS. 

In conclusion, I would respectfully submit the following recommen- 
dations: 

1. That the authority of the Department of the Interior should be 
immediately exercised to protect all ruins on the public domain. 

2. That the Interior Department should prohibit the excavation of 
prehistoric objects from public lands and Indian reservations by any 
person not duly furnished with a permit from the Secretary of the 
Interior. 

3. That custodians or inspectors under the direction of the General 
Land Office are needed to protect the ruins in the following districts: 

(a) The Pajarito Park district, New Mexico. 

(b) The Chaco Canon district, New Mexico. 

(c) The Mesa Verde district, Colorado. 

(d) The Bluff district, Utah. 

(e) The Holbrook district, Arizona. 
(/) The Zuni district, New Mexico. 

(g) The Kio Verde district, Arizona. 

(h) The Casa Grande district, Arizona. 
(£) The Acoma district, New Mexico. 

• (j) The Middle Gila district, Arizona. 

(k) The Gran Quivira district, New Mexico. 
(I) The Jemez district, New Mexico. 

With the first seven districts (a to g) there is urgent need for imme- 
diate action. The eighth (A) is already provided for. The next four are 
important in the order named. It would appear from general report 
and from the literature thereon that they are all of sufficient impor- 
tance to warrant protection by the Government. At any rate, they 
should be examined as early as possible by competent authority and 
reported upon with reference to the present condition, character, and 
extent of the ruins. 

4. That the forestry department, if furnished with adequate forces, 
could protect the ruins in the following districts which lie within forest 
reserves, and that provision should be made for the same as early as 
possible: 

(a) The Flagstaff district, Arizona, including the important Black Falls group 

of ruins lying just above the northern boundary of the San Francisco 
Mountains Forest Reserve; also the ruins on the northern tributaries of 
the Rio Verde, lying within the same reserve, and also those on the 
Black Mesa Forest Reserve. 

(b) The San Francisco River district, New Mexico. 

(c) The Upper Gila district, New Mexico. 

5. That the cooperation of the Department of Indian Affairs is 
needed for the protection of all ruins in the following districts: 

(a) The Pecos Pueblo district, New Mexico. 

(b) The Canyon de Chelly district, Arizona. 

(c) The Tusayan district, Arizona. 

(d) The San "Carlos district, Arizona. 

{e) That part of the Zuhi district, New Mexico, which lies within the Zuni 
Indian Reservation. 

6. That there is neither economy nor efficiency in the policy of 
employing a custodian for a single ruin. All the ruins of any district 
described herein can be efficiently protected by one or two custodians 
or inspectors of the grade of forest rangers, who should make it known 
by posted notices that the excavation of ruins without the permission 
of the Secretary of the Interior is forbidden, and who might also exam- 



12 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



ine and report from time to time upon ruins within their districts which 
are in need of special attention. 

7. That the permanent withdrawal of tracts of land from the public 
domain for the purpose of protecting- ruins thereon would seem to be 
unnecessary, except where the ruins are of such character and extent 
as to warrant the creation of permanent national parks. In temporary 
withdrawal for this purpose, the smallest number of acres that will 
accomplish the desired end is advisable. In many cases 10 acres are 
sufficient. 

8. That there is need for general legislation authorizing the crea- 
tion of national parks and national monuments and providing for the 
excavation of prehistoric ruins in the interests of science only. If a 
single cliff dwelling, pueblo ruin, shrine, etc., could be declared a 
"national monument," and its protection provided for, it would cover 
many important cases and obviate the objections made to large reser- 
vations. 

I respectfully submit the above as a comprehensive plan for the 
preservation of all historic and prehistoric ruins upon the public 
domain and upon Indian reservations, and invite your consideration of 
the same. As a working plan I have no doubt it is open to much criti- 
cism, but I believe it might be made the basis for an economical and 
efficient method of performing this public service. 

ADDENDA. 

Since the publication of the foregoing I have had the opportunity 
to inform myself fully as to the care which the Interior Department 
has exercised, and is prepared to exercise when properly informed, 
over the ruins in the Southwest. Much more has been accomplished 
than is known to the general public. It will be helpful to all who 
have the subject under consideration to know that a vigorous policy 
has been developed and is in operation, which accomplishes the main 
object to be desired. Archaeologists just in from the field testify 
that comparatively little destruction of ruins is now going on. This 
fact must have an important bearing upon proposed legislation. 

It seems important that information should be disseminated relative 
to the protective measures now emplo} T ed. This can best be done by 
quoting from correspondence on the subject. 

I give, first, excerpts from a letter from the Hon. W. A. Richards, 
Commissioner of the General Land Office, under date of October 5, 
1901. 

Prof. Edgar L. Hewett, Washington, D. C. 

Sir: I beg to ackowledge the receipt of your letter of September 3, 1904, trans- 
mitting a memorandum relative to the historic and prehistoric ruins in Arizona, New 
Mexico, Colorado, and Utah, and, also, of your letter, under date of September 14, 
1904, in relation to proposed legislation for the protection of such ruins. 

* * * -x- -x- * * 

This office fully appreciates the necessity for protecting these ruins and the impor- 
tance of furthering in every way possible, researches in connection therewith which 
are undertaken for the benefit of recognized scientific and educational institutions, 
with a view to increasing the knowledge of such objects and aiding in the general 
advancement of archaeological science; and it desires to aid all such efforts to the full 
extent of its power, while, at the same time, endeavoring to effectually protect the 
ruins and relics on the public lands from ruthless spoliation by parties plying a trade 
in such matters. 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 13 



The need for adequate legislation on this subject has accordingly been called to 
the attention of Congress by this Department for a number of years, but as yet with- 
out avail. 

In the meantime every effort has been made to extend such protection to the vari- 
ous regions known to contain objects of interest as is possible without the requested 
legislation. Certain of the tracts have been protected from appropriation by being 
temporarily withdrawn from disposal under the public land laws. This action has 
been taken in the following cases: 

In New Mexico: The Pajarito cliff dwellers' region, the Jemez cliff dwellers' 
[Pueblo] region, the tract known as El Morro, or Inscription Rock. 

In Colorado: The Mesa Verde cliff dwellers' region. 

In Arizona: The tract containing the petrified forest; the greater portion of that 
part of the district designated by you as the Rio Verde district which lies outside of 
the Black Mesa Forest Reserve. This withdrawn area contains, among other ruins, 
the one known as Montezuma Castle. 

* * * * # * * 

As regards the regions which you mention as containing ruins of known impor- 
tance, which fall within the boundaries of tracts that have been permamently set 
apart as forest reserves, or just outside of the boundaries thereof, you are advised 
that they are, in consequence, under the care of the forest force patrolling the 
reserves, and that instructions have, at different times, been issued to the forest offi- 
cers in respect to having a general care of these ruins. Further and more specific 
instructions will now be given in regard to their care, based upon the information 
furnished by you. 

The several regions thus under the supervision of the forest reserve force fall within 
the districts designated by you as follows: 

In the Gila River Forest Reserve, New Mexico: The greater portions of both the 
Upper Gila district and the San Francisco River district. 

In the Black Mesa Forest Reserve, Arizona: A portion of both th$ San Carlos dis- 
trict and the Rio Verde district; which latter contains what is known as Montezuma 
Well. 

In the San Francisco Mountains Forest Reserve, Arizona: A portion of the Flag- 
staff district. 

* * * ■* * * 

As yet, owing to the lack of sufficient available funds, it has not been practicable 
to place custodians in charge of the numerous and widely scattered ruins throughout 
the Southwest, except in the case of three localities in Arizona. These cases are: 
The Casa Grande ruin; the AValnut Canon ruins, lying partly within the San Fran- 
cisco Mountains Forest Reserve; the ruins of Canon del Muerto, within the Navajo 
Indian Reservation. 

It is evident that immediate and effective measures should be taken by the Gov- 
ernment to protect regions containing objects of such great value to the ethnological 
history of this country and to other scientific studies; * * * 

I am also heartily in accord with your recommendation that, while many of the 
tracts containing ruins and other objects of interest need only to be temporarily 
withdrawn and protected until the ruins and objects thereon have been satisfactorily 
examined and utilized, yet, certain of the most important of these regions should be 
preserved permanently as national parks, and that a general law be enacted, author- 
izing the establishment of such parks and making provision for their proper protec- 
tion and management. 

* . * * * * * * 

W. A. Richards, Commissioner. 

The following orders were sent out by the Commissioner of the Gen- 
eral Land Office a few days subsequent to the above correspondence: 

Department of the Interior, 

General Land Office, 
Washington, D. C, October 15, 1904. 

Mr. E, S. Breen, 

Forest Supervisor, Flagstaff, Ariz. 
Sir: Your special attention is called to the historic and prehistoric ruins located 
in the San Francisco Mountains and Black Mesa Forest Reserves. As the ruins are 
almost entirely within said reserves, you are directed to exercise special care in their 
preservation. For your information 'in this matter I will state that there appears to 
be no special statute forbidding scientific research on the public lands, or requiring 
that permission shall be obtained before undertaking the same or removing objects 



14 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



of value from the public domain. At the same time, however, independent of posi- 
tive legislative provision in the matter, the United States has all the civil remedies, 
whether for the prevention or redress of injuries, which individuals possess. And, 
since all unauthorized excavations upon public lands, which tend to the injury of 
same or of ruins or relics thereon, or the removal of objects of value or of scientific 
or historic interest, are in the nature of trespass upon the lands, all such intrusion 
upon public lands renders the parties to the trespasses liable to prosecution. 

It is, therefore, deemed advisable that all persons wishing to explore and make 
excavations of the ruins referred to, should secure permission from the Depart- 
ment. This office appreciates the importance of aiding in every way possible all 
examinations and gatherings of objects of interest upon the public domain which 
are undertaken for the benefit of recognized scientific and educational institutions, 
while at the same time endeavoring to effectually protect the ruins and dwellings- 
on the public lands from ruthless spoliation by parties plying a trade in such matters. 

You are hereby directed to use your best efforts to carry out the wishes of the 
Department in this matter, and so instruct your subordinates. 
Very respectfully, 

W. A. Richards, Commissioner. 



Department of the Interior, 

General Land Office, 
Washington, D. C, October 19, 1904. 

Mr. Frank Grygla, 

Special Agent, General Land Office, Santa Fe, N. Mex. 
Sir: Your special attention is called to the subject of the unauthorized explorations 
and excavations of the historic and prehistoric ruins located upon the public lands 
for purposes of traffic in the curios, relics, and objects of scientific and historic interest 
taken therefrom. 

In order to prevent the further improvident spoliation and destruction of these 
ruins and to restrict the explorations and excavations thereof to those made for the 
benefit of recognized scientific and educational institutions and objects, it is deemed 
advisable that all persons desiring to engage in such explorations shall secure per- 
mission therefor from the Department before commencing their operations. 

You will take prompt and appropriate measures to insure observance of the Depart- 
ment's wishes with respect to such of said ruins as may be upon public lands, including 
those temporarily withdrawn with a view to the creation of forest reserves, or for 
other purposes, in your Territory, and you will render all practicable assistance to 
the forest reserve and Indian officers in their efforts to protect the ruins upon the 
lands under their supervision from unauthorized explorations and excavations. 

If in any instance adequate protection to the public interests in connection with 
these ruins can not be obtained without recourse to legal proceedings, you will at 
once report the facts and the means of proving them to this Office for consideration 
with a view to the institution of such proceedings. 
Very respectfully, 

W. A. Richards, Commissioner. 

Identical orders were sent to all forest supervisors and special agents 
of the General Land Office in the Southwest. These orders cover not 
less than three-fourths of all the ruins of New Mexico, Arizona, Colo- 
rado, and Utah. 

On or near all the important ruins that are situated on lands con- 
trolled by the General Land Office which have been withdrawn either 
permanently or temporarity the following notice, printed in conspicu- 
ous type on large sheets of tough white cloth, is kept posted by range 
riders and other officers: 

WARNING. 

Department of the Interior, 

General Land Office, 
Washington, D. C, May 24, 1904. 
Notice is hereby given that these lands have been withdrawn, for public purposes, 
from settlement, entry, and other disposal. 

All persons are prohibited, under the penalty of the law in such cases provided, 
from committing thereon any trespass whatever, and from working in any manner 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 15 



whatever any injury, waste, or damage of any kind to these public lands and to the 
timber, natural curiosities, caves, ruins, objects of antiquity, or any other public 
property thereon, and from removing or in any way disturbing the same. 

W. A. Richards, 
Commissioner of the General Land Office. 

Approved : 

E. A. Hitchcock, 

Secretary of the Interior. 

The following excerpts from a letter from Hon. A. C. Tonner, Act- 
ing Commissioner of Indian Affairs, set forth the policy of that 
department on the same subject: 

Department of the Interior, 

Office of Indian Affairs, 
Washington, D. C, October 22, 1904. 

Edgar L. Hewett, Esq., Washington, D. C. 
Sir: This Office is in receipt of your communication of the 17th instant. 

* * * * * ■* * 

In reply you are advised that this Office has been and is fully alive to the impor- 
tance of preserving the various ruins and remains of antiquity scattered throughout 
the Southwest, and has heretofore issued stringent orders to many of the Indian offi- 
cials in charge of the reservations to which you refer — especially to those in charge 
of the Navajo, Moqui, and Hualapi reservations. Quite recently this Office, in order 
to prevent the spoliation of the prehistoric ruins in the canyons of De Chelly and 
Del Muerto, recommended to the Secretary of the Interior that a custodian be 
appointed to have charge of the ruins in the said canyons, and authority was granted 
by the Secretary therefor, and the custodian is now on duty. 

In view of your present request the officials in charge of the various Indian reser- 
vations to which you refer have, in letters of this day, been advised relative to pre- 
venting further injury to ruins and suppressing the traffic in prehistoric pottery which 
may be found on the reservations under their care. 

Their attention has been invited to the previous instructions of the Office relative 
to this matter, and they have been requested to use their best endeavors to keep out 
intruders and relic hunters and to see that such of the remains of antiquity as may 
be located within the reserves under their respective charges are kept intact until 
such time as proper scientific investigation of the same may be had. 
Very respectfully, 

A. C. Tonner, Acting Commissioner. 

W. M. W.— L. M. 

Following is a copy of orders sent out from the Office of Indian 
Affairs October 22: 

Department of the Interior, 

Office of Indian Affairs, 
Washington, D. C, October 22, 1904. 

James B. Alexander, Esq., 

Superintendent Pima Indian School, Sacaton, Ariz. 
Sir: 

* * * * * . * * 

It has been and is the policy of this Office to prevent all unauthorized persons 
from entering Indian reservations and despoiling historic or prehistoric ruins and 
taking therefrom any relics or remains of antiquity whatever. To this end your 
predecessors in office, or perhaps you, have heretofore been advised of the wishes of 
this Office in this respect and requested to take such action as might be necessary 
to the end that proper protection should be afforded in the premises- and all spolia- 
tion of these valuable ruins be prevented. 

* * •«■ * * * * 

It is desired that you take this matter up and issue such orders or instructions and 
take such action as may be necessary to carry out the wishes of this office as hereto- 
fore expressed. Should you have Indian police under your charge,, they should be 
properly cautioned and instructed. Further, reliable and trustworthy chiefs and 
headmen of the tribe might likewise be advised of the desire of this office to protect 
these remains of antiquity from being despoiled by curio hunters, etc., and directed, 
to aid you so far as possible in the matter. 



16 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUTINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



Should unauthorized persons be found on the reservation or reservations under 
your charge and engaged in the work of excavating or collecting relics, etc., they 
should be removed from the reservation and the facts in the case be reported to this 
•office in full. 

Very respectfully, 

A. C. Tonner, Acting Commissioner. 

W. M. W.-L. M. 

Identical orders were sent at the same time to superintendents of 
Indian schools, agents, and additional farmers throughout New Mex- 
ico, Arizona, and Colorado. These orders cover about one-fourth of 
all the Southwestern ruins. It will be seen that these various sets of 
orders from the two departments embrace practically all of the ruins 
that are not under private ownership. 

In reply to a letter addressed to Mr. W. H. Holmes, chief of the 
Bureau of American Ethnology, inquiring what steps were being taken 
by that Bureau with a view to putting the Interior Department in pos- 
session of information that would be helpful in carrying out the policy 
of the Department relative to the Southwestern ruins, I received the 
following communication: 

Smithsonian Institution, 
Bureau of American Ethnology, 
Washington, D. C. , November 19, 1904. 
My Dear Mr. Hewett: I beg to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 16th 
instant, making inquiries regarding the steps now being taken by the Bureau of 
American Ethnology in furnishing information to the Interior Department relative 
to the location, character, and condition of the various historic and prehistoric ruins 
of the Southwest. 

In reply I have to say that much progress has been made in the preparation of 
maps and descriptive lists of the various archeological sites of the Pueblo region. 
The Bureau has been conducting explorations among these sites at frequent intervals 
ever since its foundation, and has published numerous reports and maps embodying 
"the results of its researches. The preparation of a general archeological map has 
been in hand for several years, and the data amassed is laid down on the Geological 
Survey maps, upward of fifty of the topographical sheets covering parts of Utah, 
Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona having been utilized in this manner. 

Accompanying the maps is a card catalogue of the sites, giving more or less com- 
plete data relative to the ruins and other remains. Recently a demand for this 
class of information has arisen in the Interior Department, and in order to properly 
meet this demand the work has been taken up afresh and reliable information from 
all sources is being brought together. The data previously collected is now being 
transferred to the latest editions of the maps on which we are laying down all Indian 
reserves, private land grants, and township and section lines. Distinctive symbols are 
used for the various classes of remains, thus aiding in identification of particular sites; 
and the catalogue, as recently remodeled, embodies a wide range of information, 
especially such as is likely to be of service to the Interior Department. The work is 
rapidly covering all the public lands on which archeological remains of importance 
occur, and progress maps will soon be submitted for publication. Copies of these 
will, if deemed advisable, be placed in the hands of land surveyors, Indian agents, 
custodians of reservations, teachers, and others employed in the region or having 
knowledge of its ancient ruins, in order that all possible additions may be made. 

It is expected that in a few years the record of our more important antiquities, 
already completed and published for the Mississippi Valley and the Gulf States, will 
be extended to cover the entire country. 

I am inclosing herewith samples of the catalogue cards recently introduced. They 
provide spaces for recording data as follows: State, county, township, range, section, 
drainage; map (name of sheet), number of site, class or kind of remains, common or 
aboriginal name, where such exist, people, if known; needs of protection, of custo- 
dianship and repair; availability for research; history and bibliography. 

The information thus gathered will be available for use by the Interior Department 
at an early date, although the data with respect to many important sites will neces- 
sarily be imperfect. 

Very trulv, yours, W. H. Holmes, Chief. 



HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 17 



This would seem to be a most important factor in the system and one 
necessary to its success. It places at the disposal of the Department 
responsible for the care of the ruins the definite, exact facts concern- 
ing them as determined by our highest authorities. 

The system of supervision developed seems about all that could be 
desired. It definitely mobilizes, so to speak, a force of forest super- 
visors, rangers, special agents, Indian school superintendents and 
teachers, Indian agents, farmers, and police, and even enlists the Indians 
themselves, a particularly sagacious step, in the protection of these 
ruins for the avowed purposes of preserving them for scientific inves- 
tigation. It establishes the broad and liberal policy that any compe- 
tent scientist, who desires to place the material secured in a reputable 
public museum, will be authorized by the Department of the Interior 
to examine ruins; but that no person will be permitted to enter and 
excavate them for the purpose of acquiring specimens for traffic or 
private gain, and that willful destruction of valuable historic and pre- 
historic landmarks must cease. 

Most archaeologists will agree with Commissioner Richards that this 
subject calls for some judicious legislation, but they will be especially 
gratified to know that, pending such enactment, an ..efficient and eco- 
nomical policy has been developed in the Department of the Interior 
which is being made operative as promptly as circumstances will per- 
mit. The main thing, a system of governmental protection of archaeo- 
logical remains, is manifestly an accomplished fact, as much so, and 
after the same manner, as is the protection of timber on public lands. 
It will be effective just so far as the Commissioners of the General 
Land Office and of Indian Affairs are furnished with means adequate 
to carry the system into effect. The immediate need would seem to 
be appropriations for some additional range riders. 

Edgar L. Hewett. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

1. Pajarito Park district: 

(a) Bandelier, A. F. : Investigation among the Indians of the Southwestern 
United States. Papers of the Archaeological Institute of America. Final 
report Part II, 1892. 

(6) Bandelier, A. F.: The Delight Makers, 1890. 

(c) Hewett, Edgar L. : The Archaeology of Pajarito Park; Preliminary Report; 

American Anthropologist, 19! '4. 

(d) Lummis, Charles F.: The Land of Poco Tiempo, page 133, 1893. 

(e) Mankin, James I). : Report on the Ancient Cliff Dwellings in New Mexico, 

and the Proposed Establishment of the Pajarito National Park. Manu- 
script, 1899. Extracts, Report of Commissioner of General Land Office, 
1900. 

2. The Pecos district: 

(a) Bandelier, A. F. : Report on the Ruins of the Pueblo of Pecos. Papers of 

the Archaeological Institute of America, American Series I, 1881. 

(b) Hewett, Edgar L. : Studies on the Extinct Pueblo of Pecos. American 

Anthropologist; September, 1904. 

3. Gran Quivira district: 

(a) Bandelier, A. F.: Final report, Part II, 1892. 

(6) Lummis, Charles F. : The Land of Poco Tiempo, page 285, 1893. 

4. Jemez district: 

(«) Bandelier, A. F.: Final report, Part II, 1892. 

(6) Lummis, Charles F.: Some Strange Corners of our Country, 1892. 

(c) Stevenson, Mrs. M. C: The Zia. Eleventh Annual Report Bureau of Eth- 

nology, 1894. 



18 HISTORIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 



5. Acoma district: 

(a) Bandelier, A. F. : Final report, Part I, 1890; also Part II, 1892. 
(6) Hodge, F. W.: The Verification of a Tradition. American Anthropologist, 
September, 1897. 

(c) Hodge, F. W. : Same subject. National Geographic Magazine, October, 1897; 

also Century Magazine, May, 1898. 

(d) Lummis, Charles F. : Some Strange Corners of our Country, 1892. 

6. Aztec district: 

(a) Morgan, Lewis H.: Houses and House Life of the American Aborigines. 

Contributions to North American Ethnology, Volume IV, 1881. 

(b) Prudden, T. Mitchell: The Prehistoric Ruins of the San Juan Watershed. 

American Anthropologist, April-June, 1903. 

7. Mesa Verde district: 

(a) Chapin, F. H. : The Land of the Cliff Dwellers, 1892. 

■(b) Holmes, W. H.: Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado. 
Hay den's United States survey, 1876. 

(c) Nordenskiold, G.: The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde. Stockholm, 1894. 

(d) Prudden, T. Mitchell: The Prehistoric Ruins of the San Juan Watershed. 

8. Chaco Canyon district: 

(a) Holsinger, S. J.: Report on the Prehistoric Ruins of Chaco Canyon, New 

Mexico. Manuscript, General Land Office, Washington. 

(b) Jackson, W. H. : In Hayden's Report on the Geological Survey of the Terri- 

tories, 1876. 

(c) Morgan, Lewis H.: Houses and House Life of the American Aborigines. 

Contributions to North American Ethnology, Volume IV. 

(d) Prudden, T. Mitchell: The Prehistoric Ruins of the San Juan Watershed. 
*9. Canyon de Chelly district: 

(a) Mindeleff, Cosmos: The Cliff Ruins of Canyon de Chelly. Sixteenth Annual 

Report of the Bureau of Ethnolog}^ 1894. 

(b) Prudden, T. Mitchell: The Prehistoric Ruins of the San Juan Watershed. 

10. Bluff district: 

(a) Chapin, F. H.: The Land of the Cliff Dwellers, 1892. 

(b) Pepper, George H.: The Ancient Basket Makers of Southwestern Utah; 

Supplement American Museum Journal, Volume II, No. 4, 1902. 

(c) Prudden, T. Mitchell: The Prehistoric Ruins of the San Juan Watershed. 

11. The Tusayan district: 

(a) Fewkes, J. W.: Archaeological Expedition to Arizona in 1895. Seventeenth 

Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1898. 

(b) Fewkes, J. VV. : Preliminary Account: Smithsonian report, 1895. 

(c) Hough, Walter: Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona. The 

Museum-Gates expedition of 1901. National Museum report, 1901. 

(d) Mindeleff, Victor: Pueblo Architecture. Eighth Annual Report of the 

Bureau of Ethnology, 1891. 

12. The Flagstaff district: 

(a) Fewkes, J. W.: Pueblo Ruins near Flagstaff, Ariz. American Anthropol- 

ogist, July-September, 1900. 

(b) Fewkes, J. W. : Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins. Twenty-second 

Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1904. 

13. The Holbrook district: 

(a) Fewkes, J. W. : Preliminary Account of an Expedition to the Pueblo Ruins 

near Winslow, Ariz., in 1896. Smithsonian report, 1896. 

(b) Fewkes, J. W. : Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins. 

(c) Hough, Walter: Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona. The 

Museum-Gates expedition, 1901. National Museum report, 1901. 

(d) Hough, Walter: Ancient Peoples of the Petrified Forest of Arizona. Har- 

per's Magazine, November, 1902. 

14. The Zuni district: 

(a) Fewkes, J. W. : Reconnoissance of Ruins in or near the Zuni Reservation. 

Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology, Volume I. 
(6) Cushing, F. H.: Outlines of Zuni Creation Myths. Thirteenth Annual 

Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1891. 

(c) Cushing, F. H . : Preliminary Notes. Report of the Congress of Americanists, 

Berlin, 1890. 

(d) Bandelier, A. F. : Historical Introduction. Archaeological Institute of 

America, 1881. 
(<?) Bandelier, A. F. : Investigations. Same report, 1882. 



HISTOKIC AND PREHISTORIC RUINS OF THE SOUTHWEST. 19 

14. The Zuni district— Continued. 

(/) Bandelier, A. F. : Historical Archives of the Hemenway Southwestern Arch- 
aeological expedition. Report of the Congress of Americanists, Berlin, 
1890. 

(g) Bandelier, A. F. : Documentary History of the Zuni Tribe. Journal of 

American Ethnology and Archaeology, Volume III, 1892. 

(h) Bandelier, A. F.: Final Report, Part II, 1892. 

(i) Winship, G. P. : The Coronaqlo Expedition. Fourteenth Annual Report by 

the Bureau of Ethnology, Part II, 1892. 
(j) Hodge, F. W. : The First Discovered City of Cibola. American Anthropolo- 
gist, April, 1895. 

(k) Mindeleff, V.: A Study of Pueblo Architecture.' Eighth Annual Report, 
Bureau of Ethnology! 1891. 

15. The Rio Verde district: 

(a) Mindeleff, Cosmos.: Aboriginal Remains in the Verde Valley. Thirteenth 

Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1891. 
(6) Fewkes, J. W. : Arch geological Expedition to Arizona in 1895. Seventeenth 

Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1898. 
(c) Mearns, E. A.: Ancient Ruins of the Rio Verde Valley. Popular Science 

Monthly, October, 1890. 

16. The San Carlos district: 

(a) Bandelier, A. F.: Final report, Part II, 1892. 
(6) Hough, Walter: Museum-Gates expedition, 1901. 

17. The Lower Gila district: 

(a) Fewkes, J. W. : Report on Casa Grande. Journal of American Ethnology 

and Archaeology, Volume II. 
(6) Mindeleff, Cosmos: The Casa Grande Ruin. Thirteenth Annual Report of 
the Bureau of Ethnology, 1891. 
Mindeleff, Cosmos: Repair of Casa Grande Ruin. Fifteenth Annual Report 

of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1897. 
Bartlett, John R. : Personal Narrative, Volumes I, II, 1869. 

(c) Bandelier, A. F. : Final report, Part II. 

(d) Cushing, F. H. : Preliminary Notes on the Hemenway Expedition. Report 

of Congress of Americanists, Berlin, 1890. 

(e) Hodge, F. W.: Prehistoric Irrigation in Arizona. American Anthropologist, 

July, 1893. . 

18. Middle Gila district: 

(a) Bandelier, A. F. : Final report, Part II. 

(6) Fewkes, J. W. : Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins. 

19. The Upper Gila district: 

Bandelier, A. F. : Final report, Part II. 

20. The San Francisco River district: 

Forthcoming report by Dr. Walter Hough, National Museum. 



o 



Plate I. 




EXTERIOR OF PAINTED CAVE, PAJARITO PARK, NEW MEXICO. 




CLIFF HOUSE, PAJARITO PARK, NEW MEXICO. 



Plate IV. 




MASONRY OF EXTERIOR WALL, PUEBLO BONITO, CHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO. 



HLATE V. 




RUINS NEAR BLACK FALLS OF THE LITTLE COLORADO, FLAGSTAFF DISTRICT, ARIZONA 



Plate VI. 




RUINS OF MONTEZUMA CASTLE, RIO VERDE DISTRICT. ARIZONA. 



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